Option H: Further human physiology (22 hours)
H1
Hormonal control
H.1.1
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State
that hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands into the
blood and transported to specific target cells.
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H.1.2
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State
that hormones can be steroids, proteins and tyrosine derivatives, with one
example of each.
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H.1.3
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Distinguish
between the mode of action of steroid hormones and protein hormones.
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H.1.4
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Outline
the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
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H.1.5
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Explain
the control of ADH (vasopressin) secretion by negative feedback.
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H2 Digestion
H.2.1
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State
that digestive juices are secreted into the alimentary canal by glands,
including salivary glands, gastric glands in the stomach wall, the pancreas
and the wall of the small intestine.
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H.2.2
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Explain
the structural features of exocrine gland cells.
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H.2.3
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Compare
the composition of saliva, gastric juice and pancreatic juice.
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H.2.4
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Outline
the control of digestive juice secretion by nerves and hormones, using the
example of secretion of gastric juice.
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H.2.5
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Outline
the role of membrane-bound enzymes on the surface of epithelial cells in the
small intestine in digestion.
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H.2.6
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Outline
the reasons for cellulose not being digested in the alimentary canal.
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H.2.7
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Explain
why pepsin and trypsin are initially synthesized as inactive precursors and
how they are subsequently activated.
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H.2.8
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Discuss
the roles of gastric acid and Helicobacter pylori
in the development of stomach ulcers and stomach cancers.
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H.2.9
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Explain
the problem of lipid digestion in a hydrophilic medium and the role of bile
in overcoming this.
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H3 Absorption of digested foods
H.3.1
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Draw
and label a diagram showing a transverse section of the ileum as seen under a
light microscope.
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H.3.2
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Explain
the structural features of an epithelial cell of a villus as seen in electron
micrographs, including microvilli, mitochondria, pinocytotic vesicles and
tight junctions.
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H.3.3
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Explain
the mechanisms used by the ileum to absorb and transport food, including
facilitated diffusion, active transport and endocytosis.
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H.3.4
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List
the materials that are not absorbed and are egested.
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H4 Functions of the liver
H.4.1
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Outline
the circulation of blood through liver tissue, including the hepatic artery,
hepatic portal vein, sinusoids and hepatic vein.
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H.4.2
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Explain
the role of the liver in regulating levels of nutrients in the blood.
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H.4.3
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Outline
the role of the liver in the storage of nutrients, including carbohydrate,
iron, vitamin A and vitamin D.
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H.4.4
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State
that the liver synthesizes plasma proteins and cholesterol.
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H.4.5
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State
that the liver has a role in detoxification.
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H.4.6
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Describe
the process of erythrocyte and hemoglobin breakdown in the liver, including
phagocytosis, digestion of globin and bile pigment formation.
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H.4.7
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Explain
the liver damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption.
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H5 The transport system
H.5.1
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Explain
the events of the cardiac cycle, including atrial and ventricular systole and
diastole, and heart sounds.
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H.5.2
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Analyse
data showing pressure and volume changes in the left atrium, left ventricle
and the aorta, during the cardiac cycle.
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H.5.3
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Outline
the mechanisms that control the heartbeat, including the roles of the SA
(sinoatrial) node, AV (atrioventricular) node and conducting fibres in the
ventricular walls.
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H.5.4
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Outline
atherosclerosis and the causes of coronary thrombosis.
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H.5.5
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Discuss
factors that affect the incidence of coronary heart disease.
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H6Gas exchange
H.6.1
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Define
partial pressure.
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H.6.2
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Explain
the oxygen dissociation curves of adult hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin and
myoglobin.
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H.6.3
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Describe
how carbon dioxide is carried by the blood, including the action of carbonic
anhydrase, the chloride shift and buffering by plasma proteins.
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H.6.4
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Explain
the role of the Bohr shift in the supply of oxygen to respiring tissues.
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H.6.5
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Explain
how and why ventilation rate varies with exercise.
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H.6.6
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Outline
the possible causes of asthma and its effects on the gas exchange system.
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H.6.7
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Explain
the problem of gas exchange at high altitudes and the way the body
acclimatizes.
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Nervous system overview: http://www.appsychology.com/Book/Biological/nervous_system.htm Nerve Impulse Animation: http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0015081981/student_view0/chapter9/animations.html http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm YouTube clips of menstrual cycle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qrWlf0bXpU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oL6KQAKYAkQ Virtual Cat Dissection websites: http://bio.bd.psu.edu/cat/ http://library.thinkquest.org/15401/ http://portal.bentonville.k12.ar.us/rstadel/Lecture%20Material%20and%20Handouts/Cat%20Dissection/Cat%20Dissection%20Guide.pdf http://w3.shorecrest.org/~Lisa_Peck/anatomy_phys/cat_dissection/cat_dissection.html |